- a.42nd Amendment
- b.52nd Amendment
- c.86th Amendment
- d.44th Amendment
Answer: (D) 44th Amendment
The 44th Amendment Act, 1978, passed by the Janata government to prevent a repeat of the 1975-77 Emergency, provides that the President can proclaim a National Emergency under Article 352 only on the written advice of the Union Cabinet. It also replaced 'internal disturbance' with 'armed rebellion', required parliamentary approval within one month by a special majority and renewal every six months, protected Articles 20 and 21 from suspension, and removed the right to property from the Fundamental Rights (now Article 300A). The distractors: the 42nd Amendment (1976), the 'mini-Constitution' that added Socialist, Secular and Integrity to the Preamble and the Fundamental Duties; the 52nd (1985), the anti-defection law; the 86th (2002), the right to education (Article 21A).